The Long Goodbye

"I stared.  She caught me staring. She lifted her glance half an inch and I wasn't there anymore. But wherever I was, I was holding my breath."  You know as soon as you read it that Raymond Chandler wrote that sentence, or maybe someone aping Chandler who got the rhythm right.  The concise declaratives, the baroque similes, the dangerous blonds and the heavy air of corruption - Chandler's style has become a cliche, except when it's Chandler writing it.  Chandler took pulp style and transformed it into something much more sophisticated, but without removing the tension of impending violence and barely veiled perversity.  A half-century later, you still can't put his books down, no matter how late it's getting.

The Long Goodbye is not the best of Chandler's Philip Marlowe novels to read first, but it's my favorite.  Its flaw is also its greatest strength - it rambles.  It goes down one path, hits a dead end, and then takes the long way round bringing you back to its central plot, so it doesn't have the narrative drive of earlier Chandler novels.  But I love it because its meandering takes you down some pretty fascinating roads, where you'll meet the long cast of memorable characters - thugs, cops, dishes, quacks, drunks, and rich phonies (the worst in Marlowe's book) - that populate Chandler's amoral cesspool, Los Angeles.  And in contrast to them all stands Terry Lennox, a weak and despairing drunk who Marlowe meets accidentally and helps tragically.  In Marlowe's mind, Lennox comes to represent the pale light of honor in a dark, rotting world.  

When Lennox is killed, his reputation stained with a particularly brutal murder, Marlowe can't give up on proving his friend's innocence.  Learning what drives Marlowe to clear Lennox - even if it's only to himself - is what raises the novel above its predecessors.  Marlowe reminds me of Kurosawa's samurai - men of honor in a world where honor has lost its value, except to these few who remain committed to the code.  Lennox, like Marlowe, is one of this dying breed, and Marlowe needs to believe - to know - that he remained true to the last.  Every encounter he has in the novel, with characters increasingly perverse and corrupt, pushes Marlowe closer to despair than he has ever reached before.  Yet he endures - no Chandler hero ever really triumphs - and receives some reinforcement that his code is worth his commitment.

In a time when corruption and dishonor have driven our country to near ruin, Chandler feels more relevant than he might have a decade ago.  But don't read this for political enlightenment: Read The Long Goodbye - and read it slowly - to revel in the mastery of style and character that make Chandler the best genre writer of the past century.

Cloud Atlas

I'm not a big fan of what I call "stunt writing" - the kind of writing that calls attention to the author's cleverness with minimal concern about the reader's pleasure or enlightenment.  (For that reason, I'm in the tiny minority who find Jonathan Franzen's The Corrections unreadable.)  But there is no greater joy than finding a writer who is a breathtaking stylist, who can do remarkable, unprecedented things with a sentence, and who can simultaneously move you deeply. 

David Mitchell began his career as an unrestrained stylist - his novel number9dream (note the lowercase title - always a bad sign) overflows with run-on sentences and ideas that drown any opportunity to uncover an actual novel.  But Cloud Atlas is a miracle of a novel - a stunt novel that qualifies as great literature on every level.

The stunt is unprecedented in my experience: The novel is actually six stories, arranged like a set of nesting dolls - the first half of the first story is followed by the first half of the second, then the first half of the third, fourth and fifth.  In the center is a complete story, followed by the second half of the fifth story, the second half of the fourth, then the third, the second, and finally, the completion of the first.  In addition, each story is told in a completely different style - the first, a 19th century journal of an ocean voyage, a la Conrad; the second, a romantic epistolary tale of doomed love in pre-WWII Bruges; next, a Grisham-style thriller with a perky heroine, secret documents and a cliffhanger; fourth, a farcical tale of a contemporary cad trapped in an old-folks home a la Kingsley Amis; and fifth, a horrifying, hard sci-fi tale about cyborgs in a corrupt, totalitarian, and decaying future.  The tale at the center is a stylistic tour-de-force - an adventure fantasy set in a world of savagery and mystery, featuring a shocking secret and told in an invented dialect Anthony Burgess would admire.

What makes Cloud Atlas a novel - a great novel - is that ultimately, every story connects with the whole in a real way; all are part of one ultimate tale.  The resonances are astonishing, and hit with surprising force because they are so unexpected.  Every story wrestles with an aspect of the question, "what does it mean to be human?" and Mitchell drives you to feel and think deeply about the implications of that question and its possible answers.  

This is not just an exercise in complexity and style; Mitchell's characters are not types, nor ideological constructs.  Their humanity is palpable.  (In fact, the most human of all is probably the least human - a cyborg of achingly real sweetness.)  Cloud Atlas is an unforgettable reading experience - entertaining, challenging, and filled with a passion not just for words, but for humanity, too.

Nine Stories

"See more fish."  If that sentence doesn't bring tears to your eyes, you haven't read J.D. Salinger's Nine Stories, a collection of short stories published in 1948.  It's unfortunate that many people who have read Catcher in the Rye don't read Salinger's other work.  In a way, his relatively small collection of works - Catcher in the Rye, four novelettes (Franny, Zooey, Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters, and Seymour), and these short stories - can be seen as one larger, integrated work, and not just because of the focus on the Glass family as primary characters.  Thematically, almost all of these works share the same concerns about the loss of innocence and the hypocrisy of modern life (or, as Holden put it, "phonies").

The strongest of these stories contrast the beauty of children not yet spoiled by adult influences - greed, jealousy, and most powerfully, war - with the fragile state of young men trying to endure their initiation to those influences.  In the two most powerful stories, "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" and "For Esme, With Love and Squalor," that initiation was profound - the horrors of World War II.  The protagonists of both stories meet young children who give them a glimpse of the beauty hidden by all the horror they've seen.  For one, that glimpse is enough to keep enduring; for the other, it's a fatal reminder of all he has lost.

Other strong stories: "The Laughing Man," about a young man's fall into adulthood as seen through the eyes of a boy he coaches; "Down at the Dinghy," a seemingly simple story of a mother and son with a heart wrenching twist; and "Teddy," the tale of a 10-year-old wise beyond his years.

If you decide to read all of Salinger, at least read "Bananafish" first.  It is the author's thematic keystone, and perhaps the saddest story in American literature.

Things Fall Apart

Like most Americans, I am sadly ignorant about African literature.  According to a recent New Yorker profile of Chinua Achebe, who wrote Things Fall Apart in 1959, Americans have limited access to African literature of the past 50 years because of a dearth of English translations.  I don't buy it.  More likely, the dearth of translations is due to a dearth of interest and demand by American readers. Since I count myself among the transgressors, the New Yorker profile struck a chord, and I picked up Things Fall Apart, a cornerstone in 20th century African lit and originally written in English (a choice for which Achebe, born in Nigeria, has taken critical heat ever since).

Achebe's novel is the story of how one man, his family, his village, and his culture are crushed by the arrival of white Europeans in the early 20th century.  Okonkwo is a leader in his village - a brave warrior with a large family and a successful farm, respected for his courage, and feared for his quick temper.  His story is told in the third-person, but from the limited perspective of one who shares the same culture and background as Okwonko, so that we experience Okonkwo's internal struggles with change as he does.  The story is told in the manner of folk tales; many such tales are told within the novel, as they are passed on from Okonkwo's wives to their children.

The most ingenious aspect of Things Fall Apart is that it gives us the time and exposure we need to see and feel life in Okonkwo's village.  Incidents reveal the details of domestic life, the village's system of justice, and its hierarchy, religion, economics and art.  At first, the society seemed foreign and primitive to me; halfway through the book, my growing respect for the sophistication of their culture made me ashamed of my initial response.

Of course, this appreciation and respect (and shame) is what makes the destruction of Okonkwo's society so devastating in the latter chapters of the novel.  The Christian, European conquerors are equally blind to the value of this culture, and don't bother to take the time to learn and appreciate its value.  Their invasion demolishes Okonkwo's life at every level - his family, his village, his culture, and ultimately his own soul.  Fifty years after his novel first appeared, Achebe's voice is still powerful, and his message, sadly, still relevant.